What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco
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*What Carcinogens Are In Tobacco
*Carcinogens Found In Tobacco
*What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco Poisoning
*What Are Carcinogens Definition
Tobacco smoke has been classified by IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen (4). Examples of the chemicals which have been identified in tobacco smoke as carcinogens, and linked with the development of cancer, are presented in Table 2. Exposure to the carcinogens present in tobacco smoke increases the risk of developing cancer. In a new study, researchers from Duke University found that people who use certain mint- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products are exposed to high levels of this carcinogen. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a genotoxic carcinogen found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Several in vitro and in vivo assays have been used for evaluating the genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke constituents like NNK, yet it is not clear which in vitro assays are most appropriate for extrapolating the in vitro responses of these test agents to animal. For example, catechol is one of the most salient co-carcinogens found in cigarette smoke, but it also includes methylcatechols, undecane, decane, fluoranthene, pyrogallol, pyrene and benzopyrene.
A carcinogen is any agent that directly increases the incidence of cancer. Most, but not all carcinogens are mutagens. Carcinogens that do not directly damage DNA include substances that accelerate cell division, thereby leaving less opportunity for cell to repair induced mutations, or errors in replication. Carcinogens that act as mutagens may be biological, physical, or chemical in nature, although the term is most often used in relation to chemical substances.
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV, Figure (PageIndex{4})) is an example of a biological carcinogen. Almost all cervical cancers begin with infection by HPV, which contains genes that disrupt the normal pattern of cell division within the host cell. Any gene that leads to an uncontrolled increase in cell division is called an oncogene. The HPV E6 and E7 genes are considered oncogenes because they inhibit the host cell’s natural tumor suppressing proteins (include p53, described below). The product of the E5 gene mimics the host’s own signals for cell division, and these and other viral gene products may contribute to dysplasia, which is detected during a Pap smear (Figure (PageIndex{5})). Detection of abnormal cell morphology in a Pap smear is not necessarily evidence of cancer. It must be emphasized again that cells have many regulatory mechanisms to limit division and growth, and for cancer to occur, each of these mechanisms must be disrupted. This is one reason why only a minority of individuals with HPV infections ultimately develop cancer. Although most HPV-related cancers are cervical, HPV infection can also lead to cancer in other tissues, in both women and men.
Figure (PageIndex{4}): Electron micrograph of HPV.(Wikipedia-Unknown-PD)
Figure (PageIndex{5}): Dysplastic (left) and normal (right) cells from a Pap smear.(Flickr-Ed Uthman-CC:AS)
Radiation is a well-known physical carcinogen, because of its potential to induce DNA damage within the body. The most damaging type of radiation is ionizing, meaning waves or particles with sufficient energy to strip electrons from the molecules they encounter, including DNA or molecules that can subsequently react with DNA. Ionizing radiation, which includes x-rays, gamma rays, and some wavelengths of ultraviolet rays, is distinct from the non-ionizing radiation of microwave ovens, cell phones, and radios. As with other carcinogens, mutation of multiple, independent genes that normally regulate cell division is required before cancer develops.
Chemical carcinogens (Table (PageIndex{2})) can be either natural or synthetic compounds that, based on animal feeding trials or epidemiological (i.e. human population) studies, increase the incidence of cancer. The definition of a chemical as a carcinogen is problematic for several reasons. Some chemicals become carcinogenic only after they are metabolized into another compound in the body; not all species or individuals may metabolize chemicals in the same way. Also, the carcinogenic properties of a compound are usually dependent on its dose. It can be difficult to define a relevant dose for both lab animals and humans. Nevertheless, when a correlation between cancer incidence and chemical exposure is observed, it is usually possible to find ways to reduce exposure to that chemical.
Table (PageIndex{2}): Some classes of chemical carcinogens (Pecorino 2008)
1. PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
e.g. benzo[a]pyrene and several other components of the smoke of cigarettes, wood, and fossil fuels
2. Aromatic amines
e.g. formed in food when meat (including fish, poultry) are cooked at high temperature
3. Nitrosamines and nitrosamides
e.g. found in tobacco and in some smoked meat and fish
4. Azo dyes
e.g. various dyes and pigments used in textiles, leather, paints.
5. Carbamates
e.g. ethyl carbamate (urethane) found in some distilled beverages and fermented foods
6. Halogenated compounds
e.g. pentachlorophenol used in some wood preservatives and pesticides.
7. Inorganic compounds
e.g. asbestos; may induce chronic inflammation and reactive oxygen species
8. Miscellaneous compounds
I education group. e.g. alkylating agents, phenolicsContributors and Attributions
*
Dr. Todd Nickle and Isabelle Barrette-Ng (Mount Royal University) The content on this page is licensed under CC SA 3.0 licensing guidelines.
WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (UPI) -- Four new substances have been added to the official federal list of carcinogens, which is updated each year by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Carcinogens are substances -- chemical, biological, and physical agents -- implicated in the direct causation of cancer, either by damaging the body’s genome or altering cellular metabolism.
Of the four new substances, only one is classified as a ’known human carcinogen.’ The other three were given the qualified classification of ’reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens.’What Carcinogens Are In TobaccoAdvertisement
The known carcinogen is ortho-toluidine, or o-toluidine, one of three toluidine isomers commonly used to sythensize rubber chemicals, pesticides, and dyes. Several studies have strongly linked the substance to bladder cancer. Ortho-toluidine was once only ’reasonably anticipated’ but is now ’known’ to cause cancer.
The other three newcomers -- which probably-almost-certainly cause cancer, too -- are the chemicals 1-bromopropane, cumene and pentachlorophenol. Not surprisingly, two of the four newly listed carcinogens (known and anticipated) can be found in tobacco smoke.
The organobromine compound 1-bromopropane is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent in a number of commercial industries. It’s often used in dry cleaning and to remove residues from optics, electronics and metals. When inhaled by rodents, the compound has been linked to tumors in the skin, lungs and digestive tract.Carcinogens Found In Tobacco
Cumene is a flammable, colorless liquid and a natural constituent of both crude oil and refined fuels. Inhalation of cumene fumes was shown to cause lung tumors in male and female mice, as well as liver tumors in female mice.What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco Poisoning
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a cocktail of chemicals commonly used as a pesticide, disinfectant and wood preservative. Though dangerous, the substance is remarkably effective. A telephone pole, for example, only lasts about seven years if untreated. If treated with PCP, the same pole can last upwards of 35 years. Those who work in wood production and wood treatment plants are most likely to be exposed to pentachlorophenol and its byproducts. One study found a link between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and human exposure to pentachlorophenol. Mice studies have also linked the substance to tumors in a variety of organs.What Are Carcinogens Definition
’Identifying substances in our environment that can make people vulnerable to cancer will help in prevention efforts,’ Dr. Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), said in a recent press release accompanying the carcinogens report. ’This report provides a valuable resource for health regulatory and research agencies, and it empowers the public with information people can use to reduce exposure to cancer causing substances.’
Register here: http://gg.gg/vhfw5
https://diarynote.indered.space
*What Carcinogens Are In Tobacco
*Carcinogens Found In Tobacco
*What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco Poisoning
*What Are Carcinogens Definition
Tobacco smoke has been classified by IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen (4). Examples of the chemicals which have been identified in tobacco smoke as carcinogens, and linked with the development of cancer, are presented in Table 2. Exposure to the carcinogens present in tobacco smoke increases the risk of developing cancer. In a new study, researchers from Duke University found that people who use certain mint- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products are exposed to high levels of this carcinogen. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a genotoxic carcinogen found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Several in vitro and in vivo assays have been used for evaluating the genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke constituents like NNK, yet it is not clear which in vitro assays are most appropriate for extrapolating the in vitro responses of these test agents to animal. For example, catechol is one of the most salient co-carcinogens found in cigarette smoke, but it also includes methylcatechols, undecane, decane, fluoranthene, pyrogallol, pyrene and benzopyrene.
A carcinogen is any agent that directly increases the incidence of cancer. Most, but not all carcinogens are mutagens. Carcinogens that do not directly damage DNA include substances that accelerate cell division, thereby leaving less opportunity for cell to repair induced mutations, or errors in replication. Carcinogens that act as mutagens may be biological, physical, or chemical in nature, although the term is most often used in relation to chemical substances.
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV, Figure (PageIndex{4})) is an example of a biological carcinogen. Almost all cervical cancers begin with infection by HPV, which contains genes that disrupt the normal pattern of cell division within the host cell. Any gene that leads to an uncontrolled increase in cell division is called an oncogene. The HPV E6 and E7 genes are considered oncogenes because they inhibit the host cell’s natural tumor suppressing proteins (include p53, described below). The product of the E5 gene mimics the host’s own signals for cell division, and these and other viral gene products may contribute to dysplasia, which is detected during a Pap smear (Figure (PageIndex{5})). Detection of abnormal cell morphology in a Pap smear is not necessarily evidence of cancer. It must be emphasized again that cells have many regulatory mechanisms to limit division and growth, and for cancer to occur, each of these mechanisms must be disrupted. This is one reason why only a minority of individuals with HPV infections ultimately develop cancer. Although most HPV-related cancers are cervical, HPV infection can also lead to cancer in other tissues, in both women and men.
Figure (PageIndex{4}): Electron micrograph of HPV.(Wikipedia-Unknown-PD)
Figure (PageIndex{5}): Dysplastic (left) and normal (right) cells from a Pap smear.(Flickr-Ed Uthman-CC:AS)
Radiation is a well-known physical carcinogen, because of its potential to induce DNA damage within the body. The most damaging type of radiation is ionizing, meaning waves or particles with sufficient energy to strip electrons from the molecules they encounter, including DNA or molecules that can subsequently react with DNA. Ionizing radiation, which includes x-rays, gamma rays, and some wavelengths of ultraviolet rays, is distinct from the non-ionizing radiation of microwave ovens, cell phones, and radios. As with other carcinogens, mutation of multiple, independent genes that normally regulate cell division is required before cancer develops.
Chemical carcinogens (Table (PageIndex{2})) can be either natural or synthetic compounds that, based on animal feeding trials or epidemiological (i.e. human population) studies, increase the incidence of cancer. The definition of a chemical as a carcinogen is problematic for several reasons. Some chemicals become carcinogenic only after they are metabolized into another compound in the body; not all species or individuals may metabolize chemicals in the same way. Also, the carcinogenic properties of a compound are usually dependent on its dose. It can be difficult to define a relevant dose for both lab animals and humans. Nevertheless, when a correlation between cancer incidence and chemical exposure is observed, it is usually possible to find ways to reduce exposure to that chemical.
Table (PageIndex{2}): Some classes of chemical carcinogens (Pecorino 2008)
1. PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
e.g. benzo[a]pyrene and several other components of the smoke of cigarettes, wood, and fossil fuels
2. Aromatic amines
e.g. formed in food when meat (including fish, poultry) are cooked at high temperature
3. Nitrosamines and nitrosamides
e.g. found in tobacco and in some smoked meat and fish
4. Azo dyes
e.g. various dyes and pigments used in textiles, leather, paints.
5. Carbamates
e.g. ethyl carbamate (urethane) found in some distilled beverages and fermented foods
6. Halogenated compounds
e.g. pentachlorophenol used in some wood preservatives and pesticides.
7. Inorganic compounds
e.g. asbestos; may induce chronic inflammation and reactive oxygen species
8. Miscellaneous compounds
I education group. e.g. alkylating agents, phenolicsContributors and Attributions
*
Dr. Todd Nickle and Isabelle Barrette-Ng (Mount Royal University) The content on this page is licensed under CC SA 3.0 licensing guidelines.
WASHINGTON, Oct. 3 (UPI) -- Four new substances have been added to the official federal list of carcinogens, which is updated each year by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Carcinogens are substances -- chemical, biological, and physical agents -- implicated in the direct causation of cancer, either by damaging the body’s genome or altering cellular metabolism.
Of the four new substances, only one is classified as a ’known human carcinogen.’ The other three were given the qualified classification of ’reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens.’What Carcinogens Are In TobaccoAdvertisement
The known carcinogen is ortho-toluidine, or o-toluidine, one of three toluidine isomers commonly used to sythensize rubber chemicals, pesticides, and dyes. Several studies have strongly linked the substance to bladder cancer. Ortho-toluidine was once only ’reasonably anticipated’ but is now ’known’ to cause cancer.
The other three newcomers -- which probably-almost-certainly cause cancer, too -- are the chemicals 1-bromopropane, cumene and pentachlorophenol. Not surprisingly, two of the four newly listed carcinogens (known and anticipated) can be found in tobacco smoke.
The organobromine compound 1-bromopropane is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent in a number of commercial industries. It’s often used in dry cleaning and to remove residues from optics, electronics and metals. When inhaled by rodents, the compound has been linked to tumors in the skin, lungs and digestive tract.Carcinogens Found In Tobacco
Cumene is a flammable, colorless liquid and a natural constituent of both crude oil and refined fuels. Inhalation of cumene fumes was shown to cause lung tumors in male and female mice, as well as liver tumors in female mice.What Are 4 Carcinogens Found In Tobacco Poisoning
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a cocktail of chemicals commonly used as a pesticide, disinfectant and wood preservative. Though dangerous, the substance is remarkably effective. A telephone pole, for example, only lasts about seven years if untreated. If treated with PCP, the same pole can last upwards of 35 years. Those who work in wood production and wood treatment plants are most likely to be exposed to pentachlorophenol and its byproducts. One study found a link between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and human exposure to pentachlorophenol. Mice studies have also linked the substance to tumors in a variety of organs.What Are Carcinogens Definition
’Identifying substances in our environment that can make people vulnerable to cancer will help in prevention efforts,’ Dr. Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), said in a recent press release accompanying the carcinogens report. ’This report provides a valuable resource for health regulatory and research agencies, and it empowers the public with information people can use to reduce exposure to cancer causing substances.’
Register here: http://gg.gg/vhfw5
https://diarynote.indered.space
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